Como alumna del MBM en ESIC Business and Marketing School, el pasado miércoles día 12 de febrero tuve el placer de asistir a la segunda sesión de <<On The Edge>>. En esta ocasión debatimos acerca de la inteligencia humana y artificial con los tres grandes expertos Miguel Rebollo doctor en informática, Javier Oliver Moll ingeniero de telecomunicaciones, y Hugo De Juan Jordán ingeniero de telecomunicaciones y doctor en organización de empresas.
Con el fin de tener una visión general acerca de la Inteligencia Artificial (IA), la conferencia se dividió en tres bloques:
- Fundamentos de la IA
- Sociedad y ética
- El mundo de la escuela de negocios: la empresa y la transformación digital
En este artículo me gustaría comentar los aspectos más relevantes que tratamos en cada uno de los bloques, así como dar mi opinión acerca de las nuevas tecnologías más disruptivas.
¿Qué es la inteligencia artificial?
Aunque es un concepto que se ha puesto de moda en los últimos años, la inteligencia artificial no es algo nuevo. El término IA nace con la aparición de los primeros ordenadores, en los años 50, con la paradoja entre aquel comportamiento que un humano calificaría como inteligente y el real.
Desde el punto de vista práctico, se podría definir como una serie de sistemas que son capaces de percibir con datos y cambios en las variables, entender e interpretar lo que está sucediendo y tomar una decisión. Es decir, un software diseñado y programado exclusivamente para reaccionar ante un estímulo.
Desde el punto de vista de una empresa, se puede observar desde diferentes sectores con la finalidad de hacer uso de los datos de cada uno de estos.
¿Cómo funciona?
El tipo de estructura que utilizan las IAs que tienen que realizar tareas mecánicas y repetitivas, o que trabajan con el lenguaje humano (asistentes virtuales), es el siguiente:
- En primer lugar, debe aprender a realizar una tarea, lo que se conoce como Machine Learning. Si va a emplearse para identificar fotos de gatos, debe procesar miles de fotos de gatos para aprender a distinguirlos.
- A continuación, debe entrenarse poniendo en práctica la teoría (Deep Learning). Recibe fotos de diferentes animales y debe separar las fotos de gatos. Al principio, como es normal, fallará mucho, por lo que habrá que decirle tanto las fotos que ha acertado como las que ha fallado. De este modo, la IA irá descubriendo y entendiendo el motivo del fallo, mejorando sus aciertos.
- Por último, la IA será autónoma y trabajará ella sola sin recibir órdenes. Cuando le lleguen una serie de datos de entrada (fotografías) generará un resultado (fotos de gatos) sin el uso de un programa que le diga los pasos que tiene que seguir.
¿En qué se está utilizando?
La IA está presente en la detección facial de los móviles al mismo tiempo que lo está en los asistentes virtuales de voz tales como Siri (Apple), Alexa (Amazon) o Cortana (Microsoft). Asimismo, según nuestro historial de búsquedas, chatbots interactivos nos sugieren productos, hoteles, restaurantes, servicios, películas, etc. Análogamente se emplea en la educación, un chatbot sugiere al estudiante nuevos cursos o, incluso, ofertas personalizadas para optimizar su aprendizaje.
También encontramos la IA en la logística y transporte, resulta útil aplicarla para evitar colisiones o atascos a fin de optimizar el tráfico. De hecho, es fundamental en los coches autónomos.
Por otro lado, la medicina es uno de los campos que más se está beneficiando de la IA. Las aplicaciones son numerosas, desde agilizar el lento y costoso proceso de desarrollar un fármaco a analizar el genoma de un paciente.
Finalmente, cabe mencionar la aplicación de la IA para luchar contra el cambio climático. Algunas prácticas que ya están en marcha son las flotas de drones capaces de plantar mil millones de árboles al año para combatir la deforestación, los vehículos submarinos no tripulados para detectar fugas en oleoductos, y edificios inteligentes diseñados para reducir el consumo energético.
Ética y seguridad
Como podemos ver, la IA tiene una infinidad de aplicaciones, incluso tiene la capacidad de hacer tareas poco éticas. Es por ello por lo que la IA ética y segura es un debate de plena actualidad. Uno de los últimos ejemplos es el Deepfake, la falsificación de vídeos en donde unos rostros se cambian por otros, o hasta se manipulan los labios para hacer decir cosas falsas a un político o una líder opinión. La manipulación de la verdad es uno de los peligros de la IA.
Es por ello por lo que la irrupción de la IA y de la robótica en nuestra sociedad ha llevado a los organismos internacionales a plantearse la necesidad de crear una normativa que regule su uso y empleo. Por otro lado, es necesaria una transparencia por parte de las empresas en cuanto a qué se hace con los datos que el usuario cede, así como el retorno del uso de sus datos cuando deje el servicio. Hace falta una legislación que proteja al usuario, y más medios para perseguir las ilegalidades o abusos.
El impacto social de la IA en las empresas
Una de las aplicaciones principales de la IA en el ámbito empresarial es la automatización de procesos. Esto conlleva un claro ahorro de tiempo, lo que se traduce también en una reducción de costes, así como en disponer de más recursos temporales y económicos para dedicarlos a otras tareas como la innovación.
Por otro lado, actualmente es fundamental que las empresas trabajen con grandes cantidades de datos, pues les permite obtener información muy interesante. Desde una toma de decisiones más rápida hasta una predicción efectiva de las preferencias de los clientes.
¿Es la IA un sustituto del trabajo humano o más bien un complemento?
Bajo mi punto de vista lo que se está produciendo es una mejora de la eficiencia de las organizaciones. No tiene que ser tan alarmista que la IA elimine trabajos, simplemente elimina aquellos que son más arriesgados, rutinarios o de trabajo intensivo. Lo que se está planteando son ecosistemas en los que las máquinas o empleados virtuales se dediquen a las tareas más monótonas mientras que el equipo humano se centra en el área más creativa, ocupándose de la gestación de ideas, de actividades de contacto comercial, etc. Por lo tanto, la pregunta es: ¿crisis u oportunidad?
Para finalizar, de todo lo mencionado me gustaría concluir que estamos ante la revolución tecnológica más importante desde que se inventó la informática. La IA va a cambiar el mundo aún más de lo que lo hizo Internet o los teléfonos móviles. ¿Estamos preparados para ello?
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